When writing a research report or an essay, it’s important that you know the rules and guidelines for writing a bibliography, using images, or using quotations from research sources. Oak Meadow students are asked to use the MLA style of creating and formatting citations.
Quick Guide to MLA Citations
In 2016, the Modern Language Association (MLA) released simplified citation guidelines, which aim for a more universal, consistent format regardless of the source medium. Most notable are the following changes:
- No longer include the city of publication for print publishers.
- No longer include the medium (print, web, film, etc.).
- Include URL in website citations.
- No longer include n.d. (no date) if website/article date is unknown .
- Date accessed by you is optional for website citations.
- Make entries as consistent as possible in terms of information and punctuation.
Feel free to continue to use the previous MLA style as long as you’d like — it’s still correct. The new style is more streamlined and hopefully will be easier to learn, use, and read.
MLA Guidelines for Citing Sources (updated 2016):
For print sources, include the following:
Author last name, first name. Title. Publishing company, year.
Here is an example:
Stevenson, Robert Louis. Treasure Island. Dover, 1993.
When citing online sources, use this format:
Author last name, first name (if known). “Title of article.” Website. Organization,
publication date (if known). URL (without http://, brackets, or ending punctuation)
Here is an example:
Bradbury, Lorna. “25 Classic Novels for Teenagers.” Telegraph.co.uk. The Telegraph, 5 April 2012. www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/bookreviews/9189047/25-classic-novels-for-teenagers.html/p>
Website dates are given in this format: day month year. Longer months are abbreviated: Jan, Nov. You can delete the http// from the URL.
When citing an online video clip (such as YouTube):
Author last name, first name (if known). “Title of article.” Website. Organization, publication date. URL
Here is an example:
Schlickenmeyer, Max. “The Most Astounding Fact—Neil deGrasse Tyson.” YouTube. YouTube, 2 Mar. 2012. www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D05ej8u-gU
When citing a film, here is the format:
Film Title. Dir. First name Last name. Perf. First name Last name. Distributor, year of release.
Note: Dir. stands for director, and Perf. stands for performers. You can list as many or few performers as you like.
Here’s an example:
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Dir. Chris Columbus. Perf. Daniel Radcliff, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, Alan Rickman, Robbie Coltraine and Tom Felton. Warner Brothers, 2001.
To cite an image, write a caption that includes “Image credit” and the creator’s name (if you can find it) and/or the original source. If you found the image on the web, try to provide a link back to the source.